Abstract: Natural gas plays an important role in the transformation of global energy structure due to its clean nature. However, the hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) component contained in natural gas has toxicity and corrosivity, which restricts the efficient development and utilization of natural gas. In view of the shortcomings of traditional desulfurization processes, such as high energy consumption, low sulfur recovery efficiency and limited process adaptability, biodesulfurization technology has gradually become the research focus and future development direction worldwide in the field of scientific research by virtue of its advantages of green environmental protection, cost-effectiveness and strong environmental compatibility. Firstly, the classification system of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB), the core functional bacteria in biodesulfurization technology, was systematically sorted out, which laid a theoretical foundation for subsequent technical analysis. Furthermore, the core mechanism and operation characteristics of mainstream biodesulfurization technologies such as Bio-SR process, Shell-Paques process, desulfurization and decyanation sorbent (DDS) process were deeply analyzed. At the same time, the newly developed biodesulfurization technologies in recent years were comprehensively reviewed, and their innovation points and application potential were revealed. On this basis, the key factors restricting the industrial application of biodesulfurization technology (including but not limited to strain adaptability optimization, process stability improvement and economic evaluation, etc.) were focused on, and the technical research direction and strategy suggestions were then proposed. Finally, based on the technology development trend and market demand, the future prospects for biodesulfurization technology was discussed, and its value and broad prospect in realizing clean and efficient utilization of natural gas were emphasized.